The basis, territory, extent, and manner of government intervention in social and economic affairs are one of the most fundamental issues of public law. The three theories of classics, welfare states, and neoclassical in general economic law have been formed in this direction. In the analysis of Habermas's critical approach and considering the relationship between legitimacy and intervention, the modern liberal government is in a contradictory situation. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the last surviving political-ideological systems of the 20th century, continues to exist in spite of the difference in the new atmosphere ruling the national and international arena. Undoubtedly, the continuation of this process requires the system to adapt to the new requirements of the world community, including the paradigm of political development. Considering this issue, the main question that is raised is, what are the reasons for the crisis of legitimacy and crisis of efficiency in the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran? And what is the way out of these crises?

This article provides a summary of Cesare Beccaria's views on execution and torture in his treatise on crimes and punishments, as well as the grounds for his opposition to these practices.

Mahmoud Masaeli's collection of Persian essays

This content is from Agora's Persian publication of Mahmoud Masaeli's collection of essays on human rights problems. Please click the language option to read this essay in Persian.

Honor killings, which disproportionately affect women, are committed in response to actions deemed improper by the perpetrators of such crimes, notably taboos. These are unacceptable behaviors that arise inside a specific culture or religion and are imposed on their members.